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A marching band is a group in which instrumental musicians perform for entertainment, exercise, and sometimes for competition. Instrumentation typically includes brass, woodwinds, and percussion instruments. Most marching bands wear some kind of uniform (often of a military style) that includes the school or organization's name or symbol. Marching bands are generally categorized by function, size, age, gender, instruments and by the style of show they perform. In addition to traditional parade performances, many marching bands also perform field shows at special events like competitions. Increasingly, marching bands perform indoor concerts that implement many songs, traditions, and flair from outside performances. ==History== Band is a general term for an instrumental group. The marching band originated with traveling musicians who performed together at festivals and celebrations throughout the ancient world. It evolved and became more structured within the armies of early city-states, becoming the basis for the military band, from which the modern marching band emerged.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Italia Marching Show Bands )〕 As musicians became less important in directing the movement of troops on the battlefield, the bands moved into increasingly ceremonial roles. This intermediate stage led to the modern instrumentation and music for marching bands. Many military traditions survive in modern marching band. Bands that march in formation are often ordered to "dress their ranks" and "cover down their files." They may be called to "attention," and given orders such as "about face" and "forward march." Uniforms of many marching bands still resemble military uniforms. In the United States, modern marching bands are most commonly associated with performing during American football games. Many American universities had bands before the twentieth century typically associated with military ROTC programs. In 1907, breaking from traditional rank and file marching, the first pictorial formation on a football field was produced as a "Block P" created by Paul Spotts Emrick, director of the Purdue All-American Marching Band.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url = http://www.purdue.edu/bands/aamb/history.html )〕 Spotts had seen a flock of birds fly in a "V" formation and decided that a band could replicate the action in the form of show formations on a field. The first halftime show at an American football game was performed by the University of Illinois Marching Illini also in 1907 at a game against the University of Chicago. Another innovation that appeared at roughly the same time as the field show and marching in formations was the fight song. University fight songs are often closely associated with a university's band. Boston College claims the first fight song, ''For Boston''. Many more recognizable and popular fight songs are played by high schools across the country. Four university fight songs commonly used by high schools are the University of Michigan's ''The Victors'', The University of Illinois' ''Illinois Loyalty'', the University of Notre Dame's ''Victory March'', and the United States Naval Academy's ''Anchors Aweigh''. During the 20th century, marching bands added pageantry elements, including baton twirlers, majorettes, dance lines, and color guard. Since the inception of Drum Corps International in the 1970s, many marching bands that perform field shows have adopted changes to the activity that parallel developments with modern drum and bugle corps. These bands are said to be ''corps-style'' bands. Changes adopted from drum corps include: * Marching style: instead of a traditional high step, drum corps tend to march with a fluid glide step, also known as a roll step, to keep musicians' torsos completely still (see below) * Adaptation of the flag, rifle, and sabre units into ''auxiliaries'', who march with the band and provide visual flair by spinning and tossing flags or mock weapons and using dance in the performance * Moving marching timpani and keyboard percussion into a stationary sideline percussion section ("pit"), which has since incorporated many different types of percussion instruments such as: Tambourines, Crash Cymbals, Suspended Cymbals, Bass Drum and Gong Sets, Chimes, EWIs (Electronic Woodwind Instrument), and most Keyboards * Marching band competitions are judged using criteria similar to criteria used in drum corps competitions, with emphasis on individual aspects of the band (captions for music performance, visual performance, percussion, guard (auxiliary), and general effect are standard). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「marching band」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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